Ranjan

 //Exothermic Neutralization Reaction// **
 *  Chemistry Experiment

Aim: **  To find the amount of heat produce in a exothermic neutralization reaction between HCl and NaOH (neutralization) with its uncertainty. ** Reagent Required: ** HCl (2 MOL) and NaOH (2 MOL) Procedure: ** · measure the initial mass of empty beaker (A) with the help of beam balance. · Than put 25 cm3 of HCl in another beaker with help of measuring cylinder. · Than put 25 cm3 of NaOH in another beaker with help of measuring cylinder. · measure the intial temperature of both the reagents. · in beaker (A) put a thermometer and add both the reagent in a beaker. · measure the final temperature of the netralization reaction, till it last. · measure the final mass of beaker (A) without thermometer., · than find out the amount of heat given · heat = mass of reagent * specific heat * defference in temperature / number of · moles. ** Observation: **
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 60%;">Material Required: ** <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Beam Balance, Beaker, Dropper thermometer and measuring cylinder

initial mass without anything = 33.06 g final mass = 82.94g <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; msobidifontfamily: ArialmsoBidiFontFamily;">difference in mass or mass of chemicals = 49.88 g

intial temp of HCl = 25 C final temp when both were mixed = 35 C difference in temp. = 10 C**
 * Temperature **
 * intial temp of NaOH = 25 C

<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">**Number of moles** <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">**number of moles = molarity * volume**

<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">volume = 25 cm3 means 25/1000 dm3 molarity of all the chemicals is same so we take moles of any one reagent. number of moles = molarity * volume number of moles = 2 * 25/1000 number of moles =0.05 mol

<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">**Heat Given Out** <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">specific heat (given) = 4.18 J/(g C) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">difference in mass or mass of chemicals = 49.88 g <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">difference in temp. = 10 C <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">number of moles =0.05 mol <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> heat = mass of reagent * specific heat * defference in temperature / number of moles. heat = 49.88 * 4.18 * 10 / 0.05 heat = 41.7 KJ

<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">**Uncertainity** <span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Uncertaniity of heat given out = unctertainity % of mass + uncertanity % of temperature + unceratnity % of number of moles

<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">**Unctertainity % of mass** <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">unctertainity % of mass= (error/ actual value)*100 (error is the least count) unctertainity % of mass= ( 0.02/49.88)*100 unctertainity % of mass= 0.04%

<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">**Unctertainity % of temperature** <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">uncertanity % of temperature= (error/ actual value)*100 uncertanity % of temperature= (1/10)*100 uncertanity % of temperature= 10%

<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">**Unctertainity % of number of moles** <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">uncertanity % of number of moles = uncertanity % of molarity + uncertanity % of volume molarity was given to us, so we have to find the uncertanity of volume uncertanity % of volume= (error/ actual value)*100 uncertanity % of volume= (0.5/25)*100 uncertanity % of volume= 2%

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Uncertaniity of heat given out = unctertainity % of mass + uncertanity % of temperature + unceratnity % of number of moles Uncertaniity of heat given out = 0.04% + 10% + 2% Uncertaniity of heat given out = 12.04% <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> So uncertanity in haet given out = 41.7 KJ * 12.04% uncertanity in haet given out = 41.7 KJ + - 5.02 KJ
 * Total Uncertanity **

<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">**Conclusion:** heat given out = 41.7 KJ + - 5.02 KJ

<span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 170%;">What is bt brinjal? <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 22pt;">

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">I <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">t is a variety of brinjal created by inserting gene Cry1Ac from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. The modification is said to make the brinjal plant resistant to lepidoptera (a large order of insects that includes moths and butterflies). Bt Brinjal, a genetically modified version of the common vegetable, and its proposed introduction in India has become a topic of debate not only among scientists but politicians as well. A look at what the issues at stake are: “At least five countries and 50 regions in Europe have rejected GM crops,”

Health <span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">impacts <span style="color: #ff0086; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 13.2pt; line-height: 150%;">“Research has proved that it [Bt brinjal] poses health risks”

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">Bt brinjal produces a protein in the vegetable cells that induce antibiotic resistance. This is recognised as a major health problem and is inappropriate for commercialised use. It may also indicate that old GM technology is being used as the technology has already moved on from antibiotic resistance marker genes.

It has been scientifically proved that GM crops cause kidney, liver and reproductive track problems and skin diseases. Brinjal is the country’s most commonly-eaten vegetable and we should not put the health of the poor at risk. The government must not allow it

Why controversy?

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%; line-height: 19px;">There are mixed views on BT brinjal. Some NGOs and other organizations believe that use of pesticide Bacillus thuringiensis may harm human as there is no hundred percent safety has been claimed by the scientists. However, some experts believe that the Bacillus thuringiensis only kills bugs and it will not affect humans.

Why BT brinjal in India is banned after bt brinjal controversy?
**S<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">everal studies on Bt crops in particular and GM crops in general show that there are many potential health hazards in foods bio-engineered in this manner. GM-fed animals in various studies have shown that there are problems with growth, organ development and damage, immune responsiveness and so on. ** **With Bt crops, a recent study from Madhya Pradesh in** **India** **shows adverse human health impacts in farm and factory workers with allergies caused by Bt Cotton. Itching skin, eruptions on the body, swollen faces etc., were also reported, correlated with levels of exposure to Bt Cotton.**

**<span style="color: #ff1200; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Bt Brinjal in India **


 * Bt Brinjal is being developed in India by M/s Mahyco [Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company]. No GM Brinjal has been released for an advanced stage of field trials in open conditions anywhere in the world. **
 * On February 9, 2010 the government of India officially announced that it needs some more time to release Bt brinjal. Indian Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh said that there is no over-riding urgency to introduce Bt Brinjal in India **


 * <span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Another question remains unanswered, why government is in hurry to give nod to BT brinjal for commercial use? It should not be experimented on Indians first. **

T <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">he government's Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC), which cleared Bt Brinjal for commercial release in October, said it will reduce the farmers' dependence on pesticides and enable higher yields. Ramesh is now holding public meetings on the issue in various cities of India. At meetings in Kolkata, Bhubaneswar, Nagpur and Ahmedabad, there was vociferous opposition to the introduction of Bt Brinjal in India. The governments of eight states that between them produce most of the brinjal in the country -- West Bengal, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh -- have stated they will not allow introduction of Bt Brinjal.

The European Union has banned all genetically modified crops, while many other countries ban genetically modified food crops.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;"> **BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY**

The **Bhopal disaster** was an industrial catastrophe that took place at a pesticide plant owned and operated by Union Carbide (UCIL) in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India on December 3, 1984. Around 12 AM, the plant released methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas and other toxins, resulting in the exposure of over 500,000 people. Estimates vary on the death toll. The official immediate death toll was 2259 and the government of M P has confirmed a total of 3787 deaths related to the gas release. Other government agencies estimate 15,000 deaths. Others estimate 8000 to 10,000 died within 72 hours and 25,000 have since died from gas-related diseases. Some 25 years after the gas leak, 390 tones of toxic chemicals abandoned at the UCIL plant continue to leak and pollute the groundwater in the region and affect thousands of Bhopal residents who depend on it, though there is some dispute as to whether the chemicals still stored at the site pose any continuing health hazard. There are currently civil and criminal cases related to the disaster ongoing in the United States District Court, Manhattan and the District Court of Bhopal, India against Union Carbide,] now owned by Dow Chemical Company, with an Indian arrest warrant pending against Warren Anderson, CEO of Union Carbide at the time of the disaster. No one has yet been prosecuted.

**Hazardous waste disposal site- Pithampur, Indore**

· <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> OEMs within the Pithampur automotive cluster generate approximately 1,400 tonnes per annum of industrial wastes classified as ‘hazardous’ under the Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Amendment Rules 2003 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Non-availability of local disposal facilities, combined with restrictions on the storage of such wastes within industrial units’ premises, forces OEMs to ship such waste to disposal sites in Gujarat. This solution not only imposes high cost of disposal on the OEMs, but also poses significant regulatory risks. · The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) along with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) have carried out a feasibility study on a hazardous waste site in Indore (on Sanwer road). Due to the lack of government funding, the project is still to see the light of day. This site, which has subsequently been notified by the Government of Madhya Pradesh, remains available for development as a hazardous waste disposal facility. · It is recommended that a hazardous waste disposal facility be created at the identified site on Sanwer Road in Indore as part of the auto cluster initiative. The waste disposal site will comprise of a high temperature incineration system, a stabilization plant for inorganic wastes and a long-term storage / landfill. · The project would entail a total investment of Rs. 10.32 cr. Funding commitments of Rs. 5.00 cr have already been secured by cluster stakeholders through a loan sanctioned by the Madhya Pradesh State Financial Corporation. The balance funding requirement of Rs. 5.3