hemant

= Chemistry Experiment 5 = 
 * Aim: ** To obtain the amount of energy produced by exothermic reaction between HCl and NaOH


 * Things Required: ** Beam Balance, Beaker, Dropper thermometer and measuring cylinder.


 * Reagent Required: ** HCl (2 MOL) and NaOH (2 MOL)

· Measure the initial mass of empty beaker (1) by a balance. · Then pour HCl in another beaker with help of measuring cylinder. · Pour NaOH in another beaker with using a measuring cylinder. · Measure the original temperature of both the beakers. · Mix both the reagents in a beaker. · measure the final temperature of the neutralization reaction · Measure the final mass of beaker (1) · calculate the amount of heat given by formula heat = mass of reagent x specific heat x defference in temperature / number of moles. = = Chemistry Experiment 4  Aim: To find the amount of heat produce in a exothermic reaction between CuSO4 and Zn
 * Procedure: **

Material Required: Beam Balance, Beaker, Dropper, thermometer, measuring cylinder, stop watch, Mortar and pestle.

Reagent Required: copper sulphate and zinc

Procedure: Take Zn and crush them with the help of motar and pestle Then put Cuso4 in a beaker. Measure the intial temperature of CuSO4. Put CuSO4 and Zn in that beaker, as soon as you put the reagent start the stop watch. Then measure the temperature at every 30s interval. find out the amount of heat given by formula heat = mass of reagent x specific heat x defference in temperature / number of moles.

Observation:heat = mass of reagent x specific heat x difference in temperature / number of moles.

** Aim: ** Balance, Data Logger with carbon dioxide sensor, Laptop, Beaker, Spatula,measuring cylinder,calcium carbonate and H Cl.
 * To obtain the time taken for carbon dioxide to reach till 100,000 PPS at different masses of calcium carbonateObjects Required:

** measure the different masses of calcium carbonate pour 50 cm3 of HCl and in a beaker. places the sensor of the data logger in the beaker mix calcium carbonate in that beaker. start collect in your laptop in data logger software. The Graph will be plotted on your laptop. do the experiment with different masses
 * Procedure:

Conclusion: The more we use calcium carbonate, the more less time it take to emit 100,000 pps of CO2.

**

BT Technology and its use on Brinjal and cotton

// In recent weeks we have actively seen the BT brinjal and cotton controversy in newspapers and on the television. In this documentation my aim is to explain the whole issue and the effects of the BT brinjal and cotton. //

// Many rebellions have occurred against BT brinjal and it has been stated by rebellions that the consumption of this genetically modified plant would be hazardous //
 * What Is a BT Brinjal? **

It is a genetically modified crop which is formed by the use of the bacteria Bacillus Thuringiensis. “Bt brinjal, a genetically modified strain created by India's number one seeds company Mahyco in collaboration with American multinational Monsanto, claims to improve yields and help the agriculture sector.”


 * Harmful effects **

I researched on this and have taken out the harmful effects of this crop. NGO’s across the globe have state that these BT brinjal’s are capable of killing bugs, it can be claimed that not on the high scale but it the long term it is capable of harming us. The actual problem is that proper testing has not been done on the crop.

A recent report states that workers in Madhya Pradesh have been having problems with the BT cotton they have been observing serious itching, uslers and allergies causing rashes.


 * Near Future **

The agricultural authorization of India have given it a 6 month recovery period in which all testing has to be done and it has to be proven un harmful. On February 9, 2010 the government of India officially announced that it needs some more time to release BT brinjal. Indian Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh said that there is no over-riding urgency to introduce Bt Brinjal in India.


 * MY VIEWS **

In my opinion the BT brinjal product is an amazing discovery. It is low on costs and is resistant to all kinds of crop harmers. It gives a high yield which is good in the view of a farmers and the economic growth of the nation.

The only drawback in this procedure is the harmful effects mentioned before. If these drawbacks are overcome then this product would be a boon for the country.

Testing on the brinjal should be started instantly so that the product can get into the market in the recent future. []

The Bhopal disaster was an industrial catastrophe that took place at a pesticide plant owned and operated by Union Carbide India Limited(UCIL) in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India on December 3, 1984. Around 12 AM, the plant released methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas and othertoxins, resulting in the exposure of over 500,000 people. Estimates vary on the death toll. The official immediate death toll was 2259 and the government of M P has confirmed a total of 3787 deaths related to the gas release. [|[1]] Other government agencies estimate 15,000 deaths. Others estimate 8000 to 10,000 died within 72 hours and 25,000 have since died from gas-related diseases. Some 25 years after the gas leak, 390 tonnes of toxic chemicals abandoned at the UCIL plant continue to leak and pollute the groundwater in the region and affect thousands of Bhopal residents who depend on it, though there is some dispute as to whether the chemicals still stored at the site pose any continuing health hazard. There are currently civil and criminal cases related to the disaster ongoing in the United States District Court, Manhattan and the District Court of Bhopal, India against Union Carbide now owned by Dow Chemical Company, with an Indian arrest warrant pending against Warren Anderson, CEO of Union Carbide at the time of the disaster. No one has yet been prosecuted.

Experiment 1

Aim : To see the amount of salt that can be saturated in 50cc of water at different temperatures


 * Apparatus Required ** : beaker, measuring cylinder, weighing machine, sodium chloride, water and stirrer.

Then heat it to desired temperature
 * Procedure: ** first of all weigh the beaker comprising of 50cc of water

As soon as the water is at required temperature start adding salt and stir the solution.

Keep on adding salt to it till no more salt can be dissolved. Then weigh the solution.

Do the above at all different temperatures


 * Results: ** The table below shows the results


 * Temperature/ ‘c || Initial mass/ g || Final mass/ g || Salt dissolved /g ||
 * 10 || 120.06 || 125.44 || 5.38 ||
 * 20 || 152.2 || 157.4 || 5.13 ||
 * 30 || 152.1 || 164.4 || 12.3 ||
 * 40 || 125.46 || 142.12 || 16.66 ||
 * Conclusion: ** At higher temperatures more salt can be dissolved.


 * Precautions: ** Start adding the salt as soon as the water is at required temperature. Otherwise the results obtained will be wrong.

Exp 2


 * Aim ** : To observe and study an endothermic reaction between sodium bi carbonate and citric acid at different concentrations.


 * Apparatus Required ** : beaker, data logger with temperature probe, measuring cylinder, weighing machine, citric acid powder, sodium bi carbonate, computer and stirrer.

To make 5 different concentrations of the acid we have to take 5 different quantities of citric acid powder in 100cc of water the table below shows the following.
 * Procedure ** : first of all we have to make different concentrations on citric acid.


 * mass of citric acid / g || volume on water/cc || concentration / mol ||
 * 2.1 || 100 || 0.1 ||
 * 4.2 || 100 || 0.2 ||
 * 6.3 || 100 || 0.3 ||
 * 8.4 || 100 || 0.4 ||
 * 10.5 || 100 || 0.5 ||

By this the above concentration of the acids were obtained.

1. The acid of concentration 0.1 mol was poured into a styrofoam glass which was placed in a beaker. 2. The temperature probe was then placed into the acid and room temperature was obtained. 3. The probe was set to start collecting temperatures and the sodium bi carbonate was added to the acid. The solution was stirred. 4. The reaction was observed and readings were taken and a graph was plot on the computer. 5. The same procedure was taken with different concentrations of citric acid.


 * Observation: ** When the reaction started between the citric acid and sodium bi carbonate effervescence was observed and since it was an endothermic reaction heat was lost.


 * Conclusion: ** At higher concentrations of citric acid more heat is lost which can be seen in the graph.


 * Precautions: ** While weighing the citric acid powder, use only a piece of paper as the base.

While the reaction do not move the temperature probe. This may show variation in the graph.